09.30.13
Elizabeth Guffey | Essays

Design For the Rest of Us: Where Are Design Museums’ Benches?


Photo by loungerie


In basketball, the bench is for the scrubs. In a courtroom, the bench is for the judge. In parks and subways, benches remain a common amenity. But after twenty years spent leaning against elegant vitrines or austere display cases, I’ve learned the hard way that in design exhibitions, benches are banished. It’s still easy enough to find a padded bench in the Metropolitan Museum’s Classical sculpture or Old Master paintings galleries, at the Museum of Natural History, or almost any exhibition space that’s not dedicated to design. But why, when it comes to public seating areas, do museums and galleries of design exhibit this kind of blind spot?


Photo via MoMA

People seek benches in museums as a form of simple physical relief. But seats also allow us to slow our pace, to reflect and ponder what we see. Without adequate seating, design exhibitions discourage us from doing both. After wondering for many years why I found exhibitions devoted to design so exhausting, I had a revelation in stifling crush of a Friday night crowd at MoMA’s “Counter Space: Design and the Modern Kitchen.” When I looked for a place to sit down, there were none. Indeed, that night I found two benches in the entire museum — one in a fifth floor hallway adjacent to the restrooms and another in the foyer of Café 2, on the second floor. Was this because the museum temporarily removed its seating to accommodate the bigger nighttime crowds? Perhaps. But I encountered the same problem at a very different show, the Cooper-Hewitt’s “Graphic Design: Now in Production” on New York’s Governor’s Island. Housed in Building 110, an airy space in a building converted from a US Coast Guard post, the exhibit included recent work by the likes of Jonathan Barnbrook and Aesthetic Apparatus. On the sweltering July afternoon of my visit, however, the virtually empty gallery space offered but a single seat — in the foyer entrance, across from the building’s main door. Barely able to complete a full lap through the extensive gallery spaces, I spent most of my time sitting there while the rest of my party toured the show. The Cooper-Hewitt’s last triennial exhibition “Why Design Now?”, meanwhile, practically pulsed with sensitivity to inequality and disability, including a prototype of a baby incubator cobbled together from used auto parts and a modular prosthetic limb system. Yet there was not a single seat to be found in the main exhibition galleries; visitors who needed physical rest could do so in the museum’s entry lobby, the conservatory, or its cafe.

For me, public seating is not just an amenity but a necessity. Born with mild cerebral palsy, I need to rest frequently, and finding someplace to sit is crucial to my navigating any public space. Surely I am not alone in this. Elderly visitors, anyone ill, infirm, or simply tired, needs and appreciates a place to sit. I am not saying that they are utterly ignored; what surprises me is how low of a priority they are. Taken at face value, one might assume that design galleries and museums would be the least likely to ignore such a basic human need. Design culture urges us to embrace our various frailties and acknowledge the “human” side of design; as Dan Formosa of the New York based design consultancy Smart Design puts it, “What we really need to do to design is look at the extremes — the weakest, with arthritis, the athlete, the strongest, the fastest — because if we understand what the extremes are, the middle will take care of itself.”[1] From OXO’s good grips kitchen equipment to IDEO’s rethinking of hospitals and clinics, creating effective service design, that is design intended to enhance user experience, is the mission of an entire generation. At the same time, providing adequate seating and increasing audiences’ physical access to museums and galleries is a clear mandate of contemporary exhibition design: over the last thirty years, “visitor access issues” have been regarded as essential to “all stages of exhibition development.”[2] The Smithsonian’s own Guidelines for Accessible Exhibition Design specify that “seating must be provided in each exhibition . . . single-gallery exhibitions must have seating in a nearby corridor or in an adjacent gallery space.”[3] And yet, on the day I was there, the museum’s installation at Governor’s Island was as seatless as it was spacious.


Photo by palindrome6996

Finding a bench in a museum wasn’t always this difficult, of course. Paintings of nineteenth-century museums show halls filled with conversational chairs, overstuffed Ottomans, and even heavy oak benches resembling church pews. At that time, seats were seen as part of a larger experience; they were included in exhibitions to slow viewers’ pace, encouraging physical rest, but also fostering close observation, and contemplation. Indeed, seats were crucial tools meant to foster a form of aesthetic experience, what Germain Bazin called “momentary cultural epiphanies.” These revelations, he argued, might occur only when museum visitors “step back from the practical concerns and social relations of everyday life and look at themselves and their world.”[4]

While this approach may seem passé in the moment of ambivalent objecthood and relational aesthetics, museums still deliberately employ space, light, and exacting material finishes, not to mention typography, to create what Bazin described as a space where “Time seems suspended” and allow for undistracted attention on the objects on display. Exhibitions of design do engage in such tactics, often isolating manufactured objects on pedestals or against wide, blank walls. But the distinct lack of seating effectively prohibits not only the opportunity to sit but the invitation to reflect. Is there something wrong with the idea of sitting in contemplation of design? Or is there an implicit suggestion that design is not worth the close inspection and mental reflection that we might bring to works of art? We are ready, I know, to break down the walls in design exhibitions, to suspend helicopters from ceilings and reconstruct kitchens within gallery spaces. But if we’re not looking to encourage patient observation and contemplation of design in exhibitions, then what is it that we want design exhibitions to do? Or perhaps more importantly, how long do we have to stand around waiting for that to happen?

1. Dan Formosa, Objectified (2009)
2. Tiina Roppola, Designing for the Museum Visitor Experience, Routledge: 2012, p. 27
3. http://accessible.si.edu/pdf/Smithsonian%20Guidelines%20for%20accessible%20design.pdf, accessed 5/01/2013
4. Germain Bazin, The Museum Age, Universe Books: 1966, p.7


Posted in: Arts + Culture



Comments [18]

A thoughtful essay, Elizabeth. A particular irony are exhibits of chairs or other seating with "DO NOT SIT" signs.
smccarthy
09.30.13
10:47

Perhaps "we" want design exhibitions to cajole us quickly past whatever's in the galleries and land us in the gift shop. With a stop in the cafe, of course.
mattf
10.02.13
05:05

I think MattF is at least partially right, but I can imagine it has more to do with design being the red-headed stepchild of the arts. Design shows tend to be more densely hung than, say, exhibitions of paintings, and design objects tend to be less visually complex. Perhaps the thinking is that once you've seen an object, you can move on and see the next one relatively quickly, because, you know, you've seen it, and don't need to park in front of it for ten minutes.

But I think that's wrong. Design shows tend to have more didactic content, and the sheer number of objects in them can be overwhelming. And each object, no matter how visually simple, is an idea. Ideas take time to absorb.

For example, MoMA's "Century of the Child" and Le Corbusier shows, while both excellent, were incredibly dense. I would have appreciated having a little cogitation space while I was visiting them.
Adam McIsaac
10.02.13
06:10

Seems to me that benches and chairs have been either banished entirely from public spaces, or made to be terminally uncomfortable. A city planner once told me this was designed to discourage the homeless from camping out. While that shouldn't be a concern for museums -- after all, they close at night and they aren't shy about shooing folks out at quitting time -- maybe they don't want people to feel that their space is a good place to hang out, get some rest, and enjoy the climate control.
CaliConn Nomad
10.02.13
06:49

I find viewing art in museums to be one of the most physically taxing activities imaginable, so I can sympathize with what you describe. I'm intrigued by the way you present this as a design challenge -- perhaps we need designers to begin re-thinking the whole concept of the museum display, with the viewer in mind. My sister once suggested that museum's should be laid out like Ikea stores, with the yellow path to follow -- absurd as it sounded, it also seemed like a good idea. Maybe we should all be given wheel chairs when we pay our entrance fee!
mhall
10.02.13
08:00

I have to confess, as I read this I couldn't help thinking exactly what MattF did; perhaps some museums/exhibition spaces want to take a "theme park" approach to the experience (funnel visitors through the space to the cafe and gift shop).

Seating in any exhibition space should absolutely be a consideration, regardless of the subject matter. In addition to providing restful stops for those who might need it, let's face it... in this world of "go go go" museums are one of the few places that could still encourage careful, thoughtful contemplation. Art really can't be appreciated without it.

But then we'd have to hope, of course, that people would use benches for their intended purpose. Today, so many people see the opportunity to sit still as an excuse to monopolize the space and obsess over their digital devices. In addition to seating, museums might also need to add some accompanying signage that encourages visitors to remember that before they tweet about the art they should actually look at it - or allow others who really want that experience to sit there.

Absolutely loved this post. (Particularly your last sentence which really drives the point home.)
LMDeSanto
10.02.13
08:51

Excellent article.

This sentence in particular made me think it just might be a colossal case of missing the obvious - and certainly embarrassing:

"Taken at face value, one might assume that design galleries and museums would be the least likely to ignore such a basic human need..."

Thank you.
Eileen
10.02.13
10:50

My first thought was designers would be fighting over WHAT bench they found visually appealing enough to have in THEIR gallery near THEIR work. I can just hear them: "Oh no, not the Eames, it clashes with my aesthetic" and "I don't like any clutter next to MY work."
kat
10.03.13
08:04

It is odd to consider the lack of seating in museum spaces, be they for design or art. Museums are thronged with visitors attending in order to "feel something" - to connect with the work in much the same way churchgoers enter a holy place. With no benches to help this process, there is no encouragement toward contemplation. Surely this contributes to the current "checklist" response to modern art/culture, wherein art is consumed instead of communed with. An effect similar to the largely agnostic layperson, popping in to Christmas and Easter mass, vowing to "do this more often." Though at least he/she would have the benefit of a pew to sit and think about it...
Ambassador Hazy
10.03.13
11:13

great points and great to see this kind of discussion on DO.

The Bouroullec bros show at the Chicago MCA (originated at the Pompidou) was so great for its areas of seating (on their chairs) - there were lovely places to pause and look out on the lakefront, or laze on a large upholstered plinth where people of all ages seemed to happily take off their shoes and laze. I think there were years (decades) when people wanted to elevate design, thus the DO NOT SIT signs - but these days of interactive shows and installations, seems we could get beyond it.

The MoMA is so hard to navigate in so many ways - usually too packed to get a chance to sit down anyway. But I concur, if not in a design space, where?
bess w
10.03.13
03:35

Elizabeth, you touched on many interesting topics: accessibility, design/art appreciation, slowing down, public space usage, etc.. but the one that called my attention is the possible semantic ambiguities between seating and sitting, and a related article http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/research-journal/issue-03/seating-and-sitting-in-the-v-and-a-an-observational-study/
CJacques
10.03.13
09:46

I'm not sure whether I'm more charmed by this piece, with its central deeply telling observation, or chilled by it, and all that it implies about the changing roles of museums today. As artworks trend toward interactive engines of experience, simple benches undoubtedly may seem passé, if not relics from a past incarnation of the institution. You also occasion the thought, for me, that many museums seem to be as uncomfortable and unaccommodating to objects of art and design as they can be to their patrons.
Stuart Kendall
10.03.13
11:34

Design is the only discipline that creates delight. So I ask, What is the purpose of an art exhibit? To offer an opportunity for absorption and contemplation (the user's probable desire) or to glide the maximum number of paying guests through the show in as reasonably comfortable a state as possible (the museum's probable desire). Customer dawdling is not in the museum's self interest, but it does create delight in the user. Providing benches is therefore the right choice. Maybe having benches during slower guest hours and removing them (mechanically lowering them into the floor?) during busier guest hours is the solution. It also provides an advertising-worthy benefit to lure guests in during off hours.

“But if we’re not looking to encourage patient observation and contemplation of design in exhibitions, then what is it that we want design exhibitions to do?” - Elizabeth Guffey
AlexW
10.08.13
02:51

Seatings in public space in China usually were packed with people sitting there to chat loudly, eat, drink, digging noses, peel off thick skin from feet, and cut toe nails... so I can see why many museums in China do not have many seating areas.
Dawen
10.12.13
01:26

I am not as familiar with design exhibitions, but I have noticed that the high end commercial galleries--whose shows are often hung as large scale turn-key contemporary art exhibitions--lack benches.

I prefer to look at work slowly. Some of the artworks I've known the best are in part due to bench placement in my favorite museums. For example, as a many year member of the Chicago Art Institute, I knew that there was a wonderful quiet resting place right in front of a large Clyfford Still with a Joan Mitchell and a Hans Hoffman to the left.

My relationship with that particular chamber of the museum was entirely instigated by needing respite from the sometimes overwhelming stimuli from both the art and the crowds I often feel in museums. And the familiarity I developed with those paintings was akin to the way one knows a mix tape played over and over on long car trips. All because of a stupid bench.
Jim
10.17.13
10:03

Elizabeth, I know you've been thinking for a long time about writing about the lack of benches in design exhibitions. I'm so glad you did it--this is a really thought-provoking essay.

It's dispiriting that despite a fairly rich literature that advocates (to quote two classic titles) "designing for people" and "design for the real world," those things still aren't happening with regularity unless there is some sort of legislation involved.

Oddly, though ADA covers access into museums (etc.) and their restrooms, there's no ADA mandate that I'm aware of to provide seating to people once they're actually inside a public building. But reading your essay makes me think that that's an oversight within the law, and that just as parking spaces or bus seats are earmarked for people with limited mobility, a reasonable amount of seating in public buildings should be, too.
Carma
10.21.13
04:46

A couple of months ago, I stood in front on a large Mark Rothko canvas hanging in San Francisco's Contemporary Jewish Museum. I stood there for a long while. An artist myself, I regularly linger with artworks, but the best of Rothko's paintings demand deliberation; they call on me to give them my full attention, or perhaps that I just ruminate (on whatever) in their presence. In any case, if you're gazing at a picture -- any picture -- for 10 or 15 minutes, you get tired of shifting from foot to foot and stepping forward and back.

During my most recent Rothko encounter, I found myself turning around and looking for a place to sit. And there it was! One of the few benches in the museum. I settled down and turned my attention back to the work, grateful for the seat.

The author's point about contemporary museums is a good one. Museums housing works of antiquity or art of the pre-modern canon generally provide seats aplenty. By contrast, contemporary science museums, art museums, and design museums are sorely lacking. Or rather we can become sore because of the lack.

Perhaps we should all call on museums to provide at least one bench per room?
Christopher Reiger
10.30.13
01:06

Umm...I didn't stand ON the Rothko. That would have landed me in custody, I expect!
Christopher Reiger
10.30.13
01:07


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